AP Psychology - Unit 5 Vocab, Part I Flashcards

AP Psychology - Unit 5 Vocab, Part I

#vocab#ap psych#AP Psych Unit 5 Vocab#AP Pyschology#AP Pysch Unit 5

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{"ops":[{"insert":"Algorithm\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees the solution of a particular problem; contrasts with the typically speedier, yet more prone to error, use of heuristics.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Anterograde Amnesia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"An inability to form new memories.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Automatic Processing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information, such as the meaning of words.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Availability Heuristic\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Estimating the likelihood of events, based on their availability in memory; if an instance comes readily to the mind, perhaps due to its vividness, such events are presumed common.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Belief Perseverance\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Clinging onto one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Chunking\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; typically occurs automatically.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Concept\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Confirmation Bias\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A tendency to search for information which supports preconceptions, and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Convergent Thinking\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Narrowing the available problem solution to determine the single best solution.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Creativity\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Deep Processing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the greatest retention.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Déjà Vu\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"That eerie sense, in which one feels as though they have seen or experienced the present situation some time before; cues from the present situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Divergent Thinking\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Expanding the number of possible problem-solutions; simply, creative thinking which diverges in different directions.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Echoic Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention be elsewhere, sounds and words might still be recalled within three to four seconds.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Effortful Processing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding which requires attention and conscious effort.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The processing of getting information into the memory system; for example, by extracting meaning.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding Specificity Principle\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping to recollect such memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Episodic Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of the two conscious memory systems, the other being semantic memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Explicit Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Retention of facts and experiences which one can know and declare; also referred to as declarative memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fixation\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Framing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The way in which an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements regarding such issue.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Heuristic\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A simple strategy of thinking which typically allows for judgement and problem-solving in an efficient manner; contrasts with the typically speedier, yet more prone to error, use of an algorithm.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Hippocampus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A neural center located in the Limbic System; helps to process for storage explicit, also regarded as conscious, memories of facts and events.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Iconic Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; specifically, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Implicit Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Retention of learned skill or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection; also referred to as nondeclarative memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Insight\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A sudden realization of a problem's solution; in opposition with strategy-based solutions.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Intuition\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought; in opposition with explicit, also regarded as conscious, memories.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Long-Term Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Long-Term Potentiation, L.T.P.\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory Consolidation\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The neural storage of a long-term memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Mental Set\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A tendency to approach a problem in one particular method; typically, such method has been successful prior.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Misinformation Effect\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Occurs when misleading information has distorted the memory of some event.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Mnemonics\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory aids, especially those techniques which use vivid imagery and organizational devices.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Mood-Congruent Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The tendency to recollect experiences consistent with one's present mood.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Overconfidence\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The tendency to be more confident than correct; in other words, to overestimate the accuracy of beliefs and judgements.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Parallel Processing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for multiple functions.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Priming\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The activation, typically unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's own perception, memory, or response.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Proactive Interference\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning regarding the recollection of new information.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Prototype\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to such image provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories, such as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Recall\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned prior; for example, a fill-in-the-blank test.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Recognition\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned; for example, such recollection on a multiple-choice test.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Reconsolidation\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Relearning\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A measure of memory which assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Representativeness Heuristic\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may led to the active ignorance of other, relevant information.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Repression\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism which banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Retrieval\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The process of getting information out of memory storage.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Retroactive Interference\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recollection of old information.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Retrograde Amnesia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"An inability to retrieve information from the past.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Semantic Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of the two conscious memory systems, the other being episodic memory.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sensory Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Serial Position Effect\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The tendency to recollect best the first and last items of a list; these two phenomena may be referred to as the Primary Effect and the Recency Effect, respectively.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Shallow Processing\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Short-Term Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Activated memory which holds a few items briefly; for example, the digits of a phone number while calling, before such information is stored or forgotten.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Source Amnesia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined; also referred to as source misattribution, it is, along with the Misinformation Effect, at the heart of many false memories.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Storage\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The process of retaining encoded information over time.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"The Spacing Effect\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"The Testing Effect\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Enhanced memory after retrieving, as opposed to simply rereading, information; also referred to as the Retrieval Practice Effect or Test-Enhanced Learning.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Working Memory\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A newer understanding of short-term memory which adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.\n"}]}####

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{"ops":[{"insert":"Algorithm\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees the solution of a particular problem; contrasts with the typically speedier, yet more prone to error, use of heuristics.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Anterograde Amnesia\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"An inability to form new memories.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Automatic Processing\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information, such as the meaning of words.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Availability Heuristic\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Estimating the likelihood of events, based on their availability in memory; if an instance comes readily to the mind, perhaps due to its vividness, such events are presumed common.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Belief Perseverance\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Clinging onto one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Chunking\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; typically occurs automatically.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Concept\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Confirmation Bias\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A tendency to search for information which supports preconceptions, and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Convergent Thinking\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Narrowing the available problem solution to determine the single best solution.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Creativity\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Deep Processing\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the greatest retention.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Déjà Vu\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"That eerie sense, in which one feels as though they have seen or experienced the present situation some time before; cues from the present situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Divergent Thinking\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Expanding the number of possible problem-solutions; simply, creative thinking which diverges in different directions.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Echoic Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention be elsewhere, sounds and words might still be recalled within three to four seconds.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Effortful Processing\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding which requires attention and conscious effort.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The processing of getting information into the memory system; for example, by extracting meaning.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Encoding Specificity Principle\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping to recollect such memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Episodic Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of the two conscious memory systems, the other being semantic memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Explicit Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Retention of facts and experiences which one can know and declare; also referred to as declarative memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Fixation\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Framing\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The way in which an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements regarding such issue.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Heuristic\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A simple strategy of thinking which typically allows for judgement and problem-solving in an efficient manner; contrasts with the typically speedier, yet more prone to error, use of an algorithm.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Hippocampus\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A neural center located in the Limbic System; helps to process for storage explicit, also regarded as conscious, memories of facts and events.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Iconic Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; specifically, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Implicit Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Retention of learned skill or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection; also referred to as nondeclarative memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Insight\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A sudden realization of a problem's solution; in opposition with strategy-based solutions.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Intuition\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought; in opposition with explicit, also regarded as conscious, memories.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Long-Term Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Long-Term Potentiation, L.T.P.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory Consolidation\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The neural storage of a long-term memory.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Mental Set\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"A tendency to approach a problem in one particular method; typically, such method has been successful prior.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Misinformation Effect\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Occurs when misleading information has distorted the memory of some event.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Mnemonics\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Memory aids, especially those techniques which use vivid imagery and organizational devices.\n"}]}