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{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Insertion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Decreases the angle of a joint\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extension\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"increases the angle of a joint (straightening)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"ABduction\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Movement away from the midline of the body\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"ADduction\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Movement toward the midline of the body\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Rotation\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"movement of body around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Circumduction\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; common in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder; the limb as a whole outlines a cone\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pronation\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"turning the palm downward\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Supination\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"movement that turns the palm up\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Dorsiflexion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"bending of the foot or the toes upward\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flexion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Inversion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Turning the sole of the foot inward at the ankle\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Eversion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"turning the sole of the foot outward at the ankle\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Agonists\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"(prime movers): muscles most responsible for producing a particular movement\nContracts to generate the main force of action\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Antagonists\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"muscles that oppose or reverse a movement\nPerforming the paired action\n\nWhen an agonist is active, the fibers of the antagonist are stretched and in a relaxed state\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Synergist\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fixators\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"(fixation muscles): specialized synergists that immobilize the origin of an agonist so that all of the tension is exerted at the insertion\n\nEx: muscles that help maintain posture\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Classification of muscles\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Location, size, shape, fiber orientation, origin/insertion, number of heads, function\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Direction of muscle fibers\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"rectus (straight), transverse (right angle), oblique - names of some muscles reveal their direction in which their fibers run in reference to the midline of the body\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Size of muscle\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Largest = maximus \nSmallest = minimus\nLong = longus\nShort = brevis \n\nEx: gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Muscle Location\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Some are named for the bone they are associated with \n\nEx: temporalis muscle overlies the temporal bone\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Number of origins\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Two (bi), three (tri), four (quad)\n\nEx: biceps, triceps, quadriceps have two, three, four origins, respectively\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Location of attachments\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Ex: sternocleidomastoid muscle has origin in the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Muscle Shape\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Ex: deltoid muscle is roughly triangular (deltoid = triangle)\nEx: trapezius muscle resembles a trapezoid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Muscle Action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Ex: adductor muscles of anterior thigh bring about its adduction \nEx: extensor muscles of wrist extend the hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Masseter\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Zygomatic\nInsertion: mandible\nAction: close jaw\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sternocleidomastoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Sternum/Clavicle\nInsertion: Mastoid of Temporal\nAction: Neck Flexion, head rotation\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pectoralis Major\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Sternum, Clavicle\nInsertion: Humerus\nAction: Arm flexion, adduction, rotation\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Deltoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Clavicle, Scapula\nInsertion: Humerus\nAction: Arm Abduction\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Biceps Brachii\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Scapula and glenoid cavity\nInsertion: Radius\nAction: Forearm flexion & Supination\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Triceps Brachii\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Glenoid Cavity & Humerus\nInsertion: Ulna\nAction: Forearm extension\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Brachioradialis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Humerus\nInsertion: Radius\nAction: Forearm flexion synergist\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Trapezius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Occipital\nInsertion: Scapula & Clavicle\nAction: Rotate & Adduct Scapula\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Latissimus Dorsi\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Thoracic & Lumbar Vertebrae, Ribs\nInsertion: Humerus\nAction: Arm Extension\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gluteus Maximus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Os coxae, sacrum, coccyx\nInsertion: Femur\nAction: Thigh Extensor\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Rectus Femoris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Os Coxae\nInsertion: Tibia\nAction: Extend Leg, Flex Thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Semimembranosus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Os coxae\nInsertion: Tibia\nAction: Extend thigh, flex leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sartorius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Os coxae\nInsertion: Tibia\nAction: Flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh, flex leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gastrocnemius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origin: Femur\nInsertion: Calcaneus\nAction: Plantar Flexion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"epicranius (frontalis and occipitalis)\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"raises eyebrows, fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Orbicularis Oculi\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Closes eyelids; used in blinking, winking, and squinting\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"corrugator supercilii\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly; wrinkles skin of forehead vertically\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"levator labii superioris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"opens lips; raises and furrows the upper lip\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"zygomaticus major and minor\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Risorius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Draws corner of mouth laterally (rizz)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"depressor labii inferioris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"depresses lower lip (frown)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Depressor anguli oris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"draws corners of mouth downward and laterally\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Orbicularis Oris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"closes lips\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Mentalis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"wrinkles chin\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Buccinator\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"compresses cheek, holds food between teeth during chewing\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Platysma\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Masseter action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of jaw closure, elevates mandible\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Temporalis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"closes jaw, elevates and retracts mandible\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Buccinator action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"compresses cheek\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"medial pterygoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"synergist of temporalis and masseter; elevates mandible; in conjunction with lateral pterygoid, aids in grinding movements of teeth\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Lateral pterygoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Protracts jaw; \naids in grinding movements of teeth\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Digastric\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"elevates hyoid bone; open mouth and depress mandible\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Stylohyoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"elevates and retracts hyoid bone\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Mylohyoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue during swallowing\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sternohyoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Depress larynx and hyoid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sternothyroid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Depress larynx and hyoid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Omohyoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Depress larynx and hyoid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Thyrohyoid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"depresses hyoid bone; elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sternocleidomastoid action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"flexion of neck, rotate head toward shoulder on opposite side\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Scalenes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Elevates ribs 1-2 (aids in inspiration)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Splenius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"as a group, extend or hyperextend head\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Erector spinae\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extend and bend the vertebral column laterally; fibers of the longissimus also extend and rotate head\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Semispinalis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"acting together, extend head and vertebral column; causes rotation toward the opposite side\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Quadratus Lumborum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"each flexes vertebral column laterally\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pectoralis Major action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of arm flexion; adducts; medially rotates arm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Serratus Anterior\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; rotates scapula\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Deltoid action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Acting as a whole, prime mover of abduction\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pectoralis Minor action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and inferiorly\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"External intercostals\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; inspiration\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Internal Intercostals\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"draw ribs together to depress rib cage; expiration\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Diaphragm\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of inspiration flattens on contraction\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Rectus Abdominis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes vertebral column\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"External Oblique\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Compresses abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column/trunk\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Internal Oblique\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"tenses abdominal wall and compresses abdominal contents\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Transversus Abdominis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Compresses abdominal contents\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Trapezius action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"rotates, retracts, elevates, and depresses scapula; extends neck\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Latissimus Dorsi action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of arm extension; adducts and medially rotates arm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Infraspinatus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"lateral rotation at shoulder\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Teres minor\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Lateral rotation at shoulder\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Teres major\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Supraspinatus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"initiates abduction of arm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Levator\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Elevates and adducts scapula\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Rhomboids\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Stabilize scapula\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Triceps Brachii action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Powerful forearm extensor\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Anconeus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Abducts ulna during forearm pronation\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Biceps brachii\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexion (powerful) and supination of the forearm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Brachioradialis action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"synergist in forearm flexion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Brachialis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor of forearm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pronator Teres action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Pronate forearm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor Carpi Radialis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"powerful flexor and abductor of the hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Palmaris Longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"tenses skin and fascia of palm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor Carpi Ulnaris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes and adducts hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor digitorum superficialis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes hand and middle phalanges of fingers 2-5\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor pollicus longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes thumb\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor digitorum profundus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"flexes distal phalanges\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pronator Quadratus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Pronates forearm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"extensor carpi radialis longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends and abducts hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor carpi radialis brevis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends and abducts hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor digitorum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of finger extension\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor carpi ulnaris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends and adducts hand\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor pollicis longus and brevis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extend thumb\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Abductor pollicis longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Abducts and extends thumb\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Supinator\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Synergist of biceps brachii to supinate forearm\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flex trunk at hip joint, flex thigh; lateral flexion of vertebral column (psoas)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sartorius action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh; flexes leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"adductors (magnus, longus, brevis)\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"adduct and medially rotate and flex thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pectineus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gracilis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Adducts thigh flexes and medially rotates leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Rectus femoris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends leg and flexes thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Vastus lateralis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends leg and stabilizes knee\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Vastus medialis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends leg; stabilizes patella\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Vastus intermedius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Tensor fascia lata\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Steadies Trunk\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gluteus maximus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Powerful thigh extensor\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gluteus medius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Abducts and medially rotates thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gluteus minimus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Abducts and medially rotates thigh\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"BIceps femoris\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends thigh, flexes leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Semitendinosus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends thigh; flexes leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Semimembranosus action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends thigh; flexes leg\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fibularis longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flexes and everts foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fibularis brevis\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flexes and everts foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Tibialis anterior\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of dorsiflexion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor digitorum longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of toe extension\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fibularis tertius\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Dorsiflexes and everts foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Extensor hallicus longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Extends great toe\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Triceps surae\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flex foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gastrocnemius action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flexes foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Soleus action\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Plantar flexion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Popliteus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes and rotates leg medially to \"unlock\" knee when leg fexion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Tibialis posterior\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Prime mover of foot inversion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor digitorum longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes toes; plantar flexes and inverts foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexor halluces longus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Flexes great toe, plantar flexes and inverts foot\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Central nervous system\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Brain + spinal cord\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Peripheral nervous system\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"All nervous elements outside the central nervous system\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Nervous system is made up of two principal cell types\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Neurons and neuroglia\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Neuroglia:\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Nerve glue or\n\nglial cells help support/protect the delicate neurons\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"CNS neuroglia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Astrocytes (capillary-neuron exchange & control chemical environment around neurons)\nOligodendrocytes (myelinate the cytoplasmic extensions)\nMicroglial cells (act as phagocytes)\nEpendymal Cells (line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"PNS neuroglia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Schwann cells (myelinate the cytoplasmic extensions)\nSatellite cells\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Are neuroglia capable of generating and transmitting nerve impulses?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"No\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"First Step of Myelination PNS\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Neurolemmocyte starts to wrap around a portion of the axon\n(schwann = neurolemmo)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Second Step of Myelination PNS\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and plasma membrane begin to form consecutive layers around axon\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Third Step of Myelination PNS\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The overlapping inner layers of the neurolemmocyte plasma membrane form the myelin sheath\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fourth Step of Myelination PNS\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Eventually, the neurolemmocyte cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery of the cell as the myelin sheath is formed\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Neurons\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Nerve cells, basic functional units of nervous tissue, transmits messages through nerve impulses\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Cell body\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm.\n\nThe receptive region that makes up the gray matter of the CNS, and form clusters there\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Ganglia\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Neurofibrils\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Chromatophilic Substance\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"darkly staining structure of clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Dendrites\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Receptive region that bear receptors for neurotransmitter released by axon terminal of other neurons\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Axons\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Nerve fibers when they are long form the impulse generating and conducting region of the neuron\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Axon hillock\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Synapses\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Nodes of ranvier\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Unipolar\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"shape of a neuron which has only one process that includes both the axon and dendrite\n\nPsuedounipolar\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Bipolar neuron\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"two processes off of the cell body; one axon and one dendrite\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Multipolar\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"many processes extend from the cell body; all are dendrites except for a single axon\n\nThose whose axons carry impulses away from CNS are multipolar\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sensory (afferent)\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses away from the peripheral body parts and towards the brain or spinal cord\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Motor (efferent)\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Interneurons\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Tracts\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"bundles of axons in the CNS\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Nerves\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"neural \"cables\" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Endoneurium\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Perineurium\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Epineurium\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"white, fibrous connective tissue sheath that binds fascicles together, forming the cord-like nerve\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"PNS Motor Portion\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Somatic/Autonomic\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Somatic division\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Autonomic division\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Neural tube\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"simple tubelike structure during embryonic development of all vertebrates develops into CNS\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"The remainder of the neural tube becomes the...\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Forebrain\nMidbrain\nHindbrain\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How many chambers in the brain?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"4 Vesicles\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Thalamus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Hypothalamus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"4 Major Regions of the Brain\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Cerebrum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"largest part of the brain\ninitiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature other areas enable speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. \nother functions relate to vision, hearing, touch and other senses\n\nCenter for Cranial Nerves I & II (smell and sight)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Corpus callosum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"sends impulses across cerebral hemispheres\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Lateral ventricles\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Hold cerebrospinal fluid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Choroid plexus of lateral ventricles\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Produces cerebrospinal fluid\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Septum pellucidum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Partition separating lateral ventricles\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fornix\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Help coordinate olfactory center\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Olfactory bulb\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"expanded tip of first cranial nerve\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Optic chiasm\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Area where optic nerves cross\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Cerebral Cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Cerebral white matter\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"responsible for communication between cerebral areas and the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Basal Nuclei\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Important group of cerebral nuceli flanks the lateral and third ventricles (regulates voluntary motor activites)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Primary somatosensory cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe\n\nF: Receives information from the body's sensory receptors in the skin adn from propriocenters in the skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Primary visual cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: occipital lobe\n\nF: receives visual information that originates in the retina of the eye\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Primary auditory cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: Temporal Lobe in the gyrus bordering the lateral sulcus\n\nF: receives sound information from the receptors for hearing in the internal ear\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Olfactory cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: Medial surface of the temporal lobe, in a region called the uncus\n\nF: Receives information from olfactory (smell) receptors in the superior nasal cavity\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Primary motor cortex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe\n\nF: Conscious control of voluntary movement of skeletal muscles\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Broca's area\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"L: anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area in the frontal lobe is only one hemisphere\n\nF: Controls thee muscles involved in speech production and also plays a role in the planning of nonspeech motor functions\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Frontal Lobe\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Voluntary Muscle Control\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Parietal Lobe\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Interprets touch and taste senses\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Temporal Lobe\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Interprets smell and hearing senses\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Occipital\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Interprets sight senses\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gyri\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Elevated ridges of tissue\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Sulci\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Shallow Grooves\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Fissures\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Deeper Grooves\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Diencephalon\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Epithalamus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Contains pineal body. Involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Intermediate mass\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"connection between the two thalami across the third ventricle\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Interventricular foramen\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"a tiny opening connecting the third ventricle with the lateral ventricle on the same side\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Infundibulum\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"coropa quadrigemina\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"4 rounded eminences on the upper surface of the midbrain\nsuperior colliculi\ninferior colliculi\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Arbor Vitae\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"white matter of the cerebellum\ntree of life\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the primary composition of the medulla oblongata?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Fiber tracts\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What functions are controlled by the medulla oblongata?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Heartbeat, blood pressure, respiration\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What reflexes are controlled by the medulla oblongata?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Vomiting, coughing, hiccupping, sneezing\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Which cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"VIII, IX, X, XI, XII\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the primary function of the Pons?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Acts as a bridge connecting the brain with lower CNS centers\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Which cranial nerves are associated with the Pons?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and some branches of VIII\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the anatomical location of the Pons in relation to the spinal cord and brain?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"It connects the spinal cord to the brain\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are cerebral peduncles?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with the cerebrum above.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the function of cerebral peduncles?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"They serve as the pathway for cranial nerves III and IV, involved in pupillary reflexes and eye movements.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Superior colliculi\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Coordination of eye\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Inferior Colliculi\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"coordination of head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Cerebrospinal Fluid\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Hydrocephalus\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"limbic system structure\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Structure: aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"limbic system function\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Function: provides high level processing of sensory information; involved in our behavioral and emotional responses\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Flow of CSF Steps\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Choroid plexus>Lateral ventricles\n\nInterventricular foramina\n\n\nThird ventricle\n\nCerebral aqueduct\n\nFourth ventricle\n\nLateral & median\napertures of fourth ventricle to\nsubarachnoid space\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Olfactory Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Olfactory epithelium to olfactory bulb (cerebrum)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Optic Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers arise from the retina of the eye and form the optic nerve. The two optic nerves form the optic chiasma by partial crossover of fibers; the fibers continue to the optic cortex as the optic tracts\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Oculomotor Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Fibers emerge from ventral midbrain and course ventrally to enter the orbit. They exit from skull via superior orbital fissure.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Trochlear Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers emerge from midbrain and exit from skull via superior orbital fissure\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Trigeminal Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Fibers emerge from the pons and form three divisions that run to the face\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Abducens Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers leave inferior pons and exit from skull via superior orbital fissure to run to eye\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Facial Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers leave pons and travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus, exiting via stylomastoid foramen to reach the face\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Vestibulocochlear Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers run from inner ear equilibrium and hearing apparatus, housed in temporal bone, through internal acoustic meatus to enter pons\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Glossopharyngeal Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"medulla oblongata to tongue and pharynx\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Vagus Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"medulla oblongata to thoracic and abdominal viscera\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Accessory Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers arise from the superior aspect of spinal cord, enter the skull, and then travel through jugular foramen to reach muscles of neck and back\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Hypoglossal Origin and Course\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"fibers run from the medulla to the tongue\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"5 Basic Components of a Reflex Arc\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"1. receptor\n2. sensory neuron\n3. integration center\n4. motor neuron\n5. effector\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Categorizing reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)\nautonomic (visceral) or somatic\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Types of somatic reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Stretch, crossed extensor, superficial cord, corneal, and gag reflexes\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Spinal reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"simple, automatic behaviors that are processed in the spinal cord\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Stretch reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"important for maintaining and adjusting muscle tone for posture, balance, and locomotion\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Crossed Extensor Reflex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"opposite limb supports body during withdrawal of injured limb\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Superficial Reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Corneal Reflex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"blinking in response to corneal stimulation by a cotton wisp\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Gag Reflex\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Tests somatic motor response of cranial nerves IX and X \nOral mucosa on side of uvula is stroked each side of mucosa should rise [amount of elevation should be equal] \nUvula = fleshy tab hanging from roof of mouth\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Autonomic reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Pupillary reflex, Ciliospinal reflex, Salivary reflex\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Pupillary reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"reflex caused by light stimulation of cranial nerve II (optic) causing iris constriction by cranial nerve III (oculomotor)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Ciliospinal Reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Another reflex activity in which pupillary responses can be observed\nDilation with painful or startling stimulus\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Salivary Reflexes\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"simple or unconditioned salivary reflex occurs when chemoreceptors and pressure receptors in the oral cavity respond to the presence of food\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Time required for reaction to a stimulus depends on:\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Sensitivity of the receptors\nVelocity of nerve conduction\nNumber of neurons and synapses involved\nSpeed of effector activation\n"}]}####