GCC AZ - BIO 181 - Exam 5 Flashcards

GCC AZ - BIO 181 - Exam 5

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{"ops":[{"insert":"What is tRNA?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Transfer RNA. It carries an anti-codon (complementary to mRNA's codon) and an Amino acid that matches the codon.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 3 binding sites for tRNA?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"P site: carries the growing polypeptide chain.\nA site: holds the next tRNA to attach its amino acid onto the polypeptide chain.\nE site: Exit site. Where used tRNA is disposed.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is mRNA?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Messenger RNA. \n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are exons?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Expressed regions. Regions that code proteins.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are introns?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Intragenic regions. Regions of mRNA that do not code proteins.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"On a pre-RNA molecule, what does the 5' end get?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"5' cap.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"On a pre-RNA molecule, the 3' end gets a :\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"poly-A tail.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 3 stages of Transcription?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Initiation (promoter attachment)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Elongation (creation of a complementary strand of RNA from DNA)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Termination (end of RNA transcription)."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the Terminator?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Sequence signalling the end of transcription.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a Promoter?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Sequence on the DNA where RNA polymerase attaches.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is RNA polymerase?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a triplet code?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"3 nucleotide sequence that codes a protein. (CODONS).\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"In the Central Dogma, what is Translation?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"RNA to protein.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"In the Central Dogma, what is Transcription?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"DNA to RNA.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"250 nm fibers fold and compress into _____.\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Chromatid of a chromosome.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"300 nm fibers fold and compress into _____.\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"250 nm fibers.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"30nm Chromatin fiber forms _____.\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"300 nm fibers.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Nucleosome folds to form ______.\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"30 nm chromatin fiber.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is nucleosome?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Combined loop of DNA and histones.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What do Telomeres do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Protect the ends of DNA. Regenerated by Telomerase.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a mutation?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Permanent changes in a DNA Sequence. Usually harmful.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA Polymerase III do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Synthesizes new DNA strand.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA Polymerase I do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Removes RNA primer from 5' end and replaecs them with DNA nucleotides added to the 3' end.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How are Okazaki Fragments joined together?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"DNA Ligase.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are Okazaki Fragments?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Segments of DNA that synthesize the lagging strand. \n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What DNA strand is synthesized dis-continuously?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The lagging strand. \n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What stand is synthesized continuously?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The Leading strand (the direction that the DNA polymerase is moving toward)\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the starting end of a new DNA strand?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The 3' end. Also where the RNA Primer begins at.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What does Primase do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Synthesize RNA Primers.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What do RNA Primers do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"They are the initial nucleotide strand that enables DNA polymerase to begin working.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA polymerase do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Catalyze the synthesis of DNA at the replication fork.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What does Topoisomerase do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Relieves the strain of twisting the double helix by breaking, swivling, and rejoining DNA strands.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What do Single Strand Binding Proteins do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Stabilize single-stranded DNA.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a Replication Fork?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Y shaped region where Helicase is unzipping the DNA.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Where does DNA Replication start?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Origins of Replication.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the composition and shape of DNA?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Double helix. Composed of Nucleotides with 2 Deoxyribose - phosphate backbone. The backbones are anti-parallel. Also semi-conservative.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the rules of Chargaff?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The ratio of ATGC varies between species but is consistent within a species."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"The proportion of A equals that of T and the same is said about G and C."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What strain of bacterial is lethal?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Smooth (S) strain is lethal. The Rough (R) strain is non-lethal.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is Transformation?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Transformation of a bacterial strain from non lethal to lethal through introduction and assimilation of foreign DNA.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What did Meselson and Stahl do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Demonstrated that DNA replication is semi-conservative.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What did Watson and Crick do?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Model of DNA as a double helix.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What was the contributions of Franklin?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"First picture of DNA using X-Ray Crystallography.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What were the contributions of Chargaff?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Measured nucleotide amounts in DNA from different species. (Chargaff's rules).\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What were the contributions of Hershey and Chase?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material that is injected by phages. \n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What were the contributions of Avery, McCarthy, and McLeod?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Identified the Transforming Principle as DNA.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What were the contribution of Griffith?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Discovered Transformation and the Transforming Principle.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are extranuclear genes?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Genes found in the cytoplasm.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How are extranuclear genes inherited?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"They are inherited maternally because the zygotes cytoplasm comes from the egg (the gene is suspended in the cytoplasm).\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is genomic imprinting?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The suppression of certain genes depending on which parent passed them.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 4 changes in Chromosome Structure?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Deletion (remove a piece)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Duplication (repeat a piece)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Inversion (reverses the order of a piece)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Translocation (moves a piece elsewhere on the Chromosome)"},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How does a female become a mosaic for one character?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"When she is heterozygous for a particular gene located on a Barr body (X Chromosome). Think spotted cats.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How are Barr Bodies produced?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"It occurs when one of the X Chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development (in females).\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a nondisjunction?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Where pairs homologous chromosomes (Anaphase I) or sister chromatids (Anaphase II) do not separate correctly.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the relationship between the distance between two genes and their recombination frequency?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"It is proportional. As distance increases, the recombination frequency also increases.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"How is the recombinant frequency determined?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"(Total recombinants / total offspring) x 100."},{"insert":"\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What process has the potential to seperate linked genes?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Crossing over.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the highest recombinant frequency that is possible?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"50%. In this case, the genes are on different chromosomes.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a recombinant phenotype?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Phenotypes that are present in the offspring that do not appear in the parents.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the conclusion of Morgan's second experiment?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"That genes that are typically displayed together are often on the same chromosome. They do not assort independently.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are linked genes?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Linked genes are genes that are on the same chromosome.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a carrier?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A female that carries a gene, but does not exhibit the phenotype.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"For a recessive x-linked gene to be expressed in a male, what must occur?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"The male must be hemizygous. He only needs one copy of the allele to exhibit the trait.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a sex-linked gene?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"A gene that is present on one of the sex chromosomes.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What was the conclusion of Morgan's first experiment?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"It uncovered sex-linked genes. White eyes were only present on male flies. Thus, the gene for eye color was on the X chromosome.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"mutant phenotypes?"},{"insert":"\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Phenotypes that are not common in the population,.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Wild Types"},{"insert":"?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Phenotypes that are common in the fly populations.\n\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"Why were fruit flies chosen for Morgan experiements?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Produce many offspring."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Short generation time."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Simpler genomes."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What did Thomas Morgan contribute?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Genes are on chromosomes.\n"}]}####{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 5 tenets of the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?\n"}]}##{"ops":[{"insert":"Chromosomes are in pairs."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Homologous Chromosomes are separated during meiosis (creates segregated alleles)."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Gametes produced in Meiosis have on of each homologous chromosome, but not both."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Fertilization restores the pair of homologous chromosomes."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"},{"insert":"Genes are located on chromosomes."},{"attributes":{"list":"ordered"},"insert":"\n"}]}####

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{"ops":[{"insert":"What is tRNA?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Transfer RNA. It carries an anti-codon (complementary to mRNA's codon) and an Amino acid that matches the codon.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 3 binding sites for tRNA?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"P site: carries the growing polypeptide chain.\nA site: holds the next tRNA to attach its amino acid onto the polypeptide chain.\nE site: Exit site. Where used tRNA is disposed.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is mRNA?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Messenger RNA. \n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What are exons?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Expressed regions. Regions that code proteins.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What are introns?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Intragenic regions. Regions of mRNA that do not code proteins.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"On a pre-RNA molecule, what does the 5' end get?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"5' cap.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"On a pre-RNA molecule, the 3' end gets a :\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"poly-A tail.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What are the 3 stages of Transcription?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the Terminator?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Sequence signalling the end of transcription.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a Promoter?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Sequence on the DNA where RNA polymerase attaches.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is RNA polymerase?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Enzyme that catalyzes RNA synthesis.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a triplet code?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"3 nucleotide sequence that codes a protein. (CODONS).\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"In the Central Dogma, what is Translation?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"RNA to protein.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"In the Central Dogma, what is Transcription?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"DNA to RNA.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"250 nm fibers fold and compress into _____.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Chromatid of a chromosome.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"300 nm fibers fold and compress into _____.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"250 nm fibers.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"30nm Chromatin fiber forms _____.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"300 nm fibers.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Nucleosome folds to form ______.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"30 nm chromatin fiber.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is nucleosome?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Combined loop of DNA and histones.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What do Telomeres do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Protect the ends of DNA. Regenerated by Telomerase.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a mutation?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Permanent changes in a DNA Sequence. Usually harmful.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA Polymerase III do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Synthesizes new DNA strand.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA Polymerase I do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Removes RNA primer from 5' end and replaecs them with DNA nucleotides added to the 3' end.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"How are Okazaki Fragments joined together?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"DNA Ligase.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What are Okazaki Fragments?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Segments of DNA that synthesize the lagging strand. \n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What DNA strand is synthesized dis-continuously?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The lagging strand. \n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What stand is synthesized continuously?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The Leading strand (the direction that the DNA polymerase is moving toward)\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is the starting end of a new DNA strand?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"The 3' end. Also where the RNA Primer begins at.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What does Primase do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Synthesize RNA Primers.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What do RNA Primers do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"They are the initial nucleotide strand that enables DNA polymerase to begin working.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What does DNA polymerase do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Catalyze the synthesis of DNA at the replication fork.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What does Topoisomerase do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Relieves the strain of twisting the double helix by breaking, swivling, and rejoining DNA strands.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What do Single Strand Binding Proteins do?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Stabilize single-stranded DNA.\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"What is a Replication Fork?\n"}]}

{"ops":[{"insert":"Y shaped region where Helicase is unzipping the DNA.\n"}]}